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Lu, Huayi e6fa411af0 DWS DEV 830.201 version 
Reviewed-by: Pruthi, Vineet <vineet.pruthi@t-systems.com>
Co-authored-by: Lu, Huayi <luhuayi@huawei.com>
Co-committed-by: Lu, Huayi <luhuayi@huawei.com>
2024-05-16 07:24:04 +00:00

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<a name="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689"></a><a name="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689"></a>
<h1 class="topictitle1">Character Processing Functions and Operators</h1>
<div id="body8662426"><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__a7286fe825e2d4ba78257083650417dba">String functions and operators provided by <span id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__text83313693">GaussDB(DWS)</span> are for concatenating strings with each other, concatenating strings with non-strings, and matching the patterns of strings.</p>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section1453610306305"><h4 class="sectiontitle">ascii(string)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p0536183023014">Description: Indicates the ASCII code of the first character in the string.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p13536130173017">Return type: integer</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p6536530193016">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen1953643083012"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ascii</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'xyz'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ascii</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">-------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">120</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section1111113148316"><h4 class="sectiontitle">bit_length(string)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p128213145316">Description: Specifies the number of bits occupied by a string.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p88853119413">Return type: integer</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p182141417318">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen78219142312"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">bit_length</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'world'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">bit_length</span>
<span class="c1">------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">40</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section1672142415"><h4 class="sectiontitle">btrim(string text [, characters text])</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p153511418417">Description: Removes the longest string consisting only of characters in <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b842352706103032">characters</strong> (a space by default) from the start and end of <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b842352706103542">string</strong>.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p10638710152116">Return type: text</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1535141412416">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen1358141644"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">btrim</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'sring'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'ing'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">btrim</span>
<span class="c1">-------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sr</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section594319220620"><h4 class="sectiontitle">char_length(string) or character_length(string)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p189201227614">Description: Number of characters in a string</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1838642010211">Return type: integer</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p109201922666">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen29206221619"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">char_length</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'hello'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">char_length</span>
<span class="c1">-------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">5</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section4767161715919"><h4 class="sectiontitle">chr(integer)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p57676172098">Description: Specifies the character of the ASCII code.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p4767717594">Return type: varchar</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p8767111710913">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen57671117499"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">chr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">65</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">chr</span>
<span class="c1">-----</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">A</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section167661017999"><h4 class="sectiontitle">concat(str1,str2)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p776641712913">Description: Connects str1 and str2 and returns the string.</p>
<ul id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__ul7766917497"><li id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__li117663171799">In the ORA- or TD-compatible mode, a combination of all the non-null strings is returned.</li><li id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__li8766517593">In the MySQL-compatible mode, <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b15849639161619">NULL</strong> is returned if an input string is <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b990341531713">NULL</strong>.</li></ul>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1976717171297">Return type: varchar</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p97672170913">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen1276711171919"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">concat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Hello'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">' World!'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">concat</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">--------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Hello</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">World</span><span class="o">!</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section1482884410431"><h4 class="sectiontitle">concat_ws(sep text, str"any" [, str"any" [, ...] ])</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p19828164419432">Description: The first parameter is used as the separator, which is associated with all following parameters.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p12828204404313">Return type: text</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1182864412432">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen14828104411438"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">concat_ws</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">','</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'ABCDE'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">22</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">concat_ws</span>
<span class="c1">------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ABCDE</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">22</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section118291644124315"><h4 class="sectiontitle">convert(string bytea, src_encoding name, dest_encoding name)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p14830164412438">Description: Converts the bytea string to <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__en-us_topic_0058965728_b162056063011859">dest_encoding</strong>. <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b84235270618181">src_encoding</strong> specifies the source code encoding. The string must be valid in this encoding.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p8830184411432">Return type: bytea</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1583094413432">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen14830114444319"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">convert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'text_in_utf8'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'UTF8'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'GBK'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">convert</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">----------------------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="err">\</span><span class="n">x746578745f696e5f75746638</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
<div class="note" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__note158307444433"><img src="public_sys-resources/note_3.0-en-us.png"><span class="notetitle"> </span><div class="notebody"><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p683111448439">If the rule for converting between source to target encoding (for example, GBK and LATIN1) does not exist, the string is returned without conversion. See the <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b842352706202738">pg_conversion</strong> system catalog for details.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p4831174404318">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen1583194474318"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal"> 1</span>
<span class="normal"> 2</span>
<span class="normal"> 3</span>
<span class="normal"> 4</span>
<span class="normal"> 5</span>
<span class="normal"> 6</span>
<span class="normal"> 7</span>
<span class="normal"> 8</span>
<span class="normal"> 9</span>
<span class="normal">10</span>
<span class="normal">11</span>
<span class="normal">12</span>
<span class="normal">13</span>
<span class="normal">14</span>
<span class="normal">15</span>
<span class="normal">16</span>
<span class="normal">17</span>
<span class="normal">18</span>
<span class="normal">19</span>
<span class="normal">20</span>
<span class="normal">21</span>
<span class="normal">22</span>
<span class="normal">23</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">show</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">server_encoding</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">server_encoding</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">-----------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">LATIN1</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">convert_from</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'some text'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'GBK'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">convert_from</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">--------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">some</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">text</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">db_latin1</span><span class="o">=#</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">convert_to</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'some text'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'GBK'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">convert_to</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">----------------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="err">\</span><span class="n">x736f6d652074657874</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">db_latin1</span><span class="o">=#</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">convert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'some text'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'GBK'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'LATIN1'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">convert</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">----------------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="err">\</span><span class="n">x736f6d652074657874</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section108321544114314"><h4 class="sectiontitle">convert_from(string bytea, src_encoding name)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p6832114413432">Description: Converts the long bytea using the coding mode of the database.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p183264484317"><strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b1313560437">src_encoding</strong> specifies the source code encoding. The string must be valid in this encoding.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p083274413439">Return type: text</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1583254414313">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen683294411434"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal"> 1</span>
<span class="normal"> 2</span>
<span class="normal"> 3</span>
<span class="normal"> 4</span>
<span class="normal"> 5</span>
<span class="normal"> 6</span>
<span class="normal"> 7</span>
<span class="normal"> 8</span>
<span class="normal"> 9</span>
<span class="normal">10</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">convert_from</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'text_in_utf8'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'UTF8'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">convert_from</span>
<span class="c1">--------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">text_in_utf8</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">convert_from</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'\x6461746162617365'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'gbk'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">convert_from</span>
<span class="c1">--------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">database</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section5833244194312"><h4 class="sectiontitle">convert_to(string text, dest_encoding name)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p38331444174316">Description: Converts string to <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b842352706103758">dest_encoding</strong>.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p128331444433">Return type: bytea</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p3833044184317">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen683314412439"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal"> 1</span>
<span class="normal"> 2</span>
<span class="normal"> 3</span>
<span class="normal"> 4</span>
<span class="normal"> 5</span>
<span class="normal"> 6</span>
<span class="normal"> 7</span>
<span class="normal"> 8</span>
<span class="normal"> 9</span>
<span class="normal">10</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">convert_to</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'some text'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'UTF8'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">convert_to</span>
<span class="c1">----------------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="err">\</span><span class="n">x736f6d652074657874</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">convert_to</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'database'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'gbk'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">convert_to</span>
<span class="c1">--------------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="err">\</span><span class="n">x6461746162617365</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section747120293440"><h4 class="sectiontitle">decode(string text, format text)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p15471829134412">Description: Decodes binary data from textual representation.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p6471102917448">Return type: bytea</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p2471329134413">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen19471192920446"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal"> 1</span>
<span class="normal"> 2</span>
<span class="normal"> 3</span>
<span class="normal"> 4</span>
<span class="normal"> 5</span>
<span class="normal"> 6</span>
<span class="normal"> 7</span>
<span class="normal"> 8</span>
<span class="normal"> 9</span>
<span class="normal">10</span>
<span class="normal">11</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">decode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ZGF0YWJhc2U='</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'base64'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">decode</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">--------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="err">\</span><span class="n">x6461746162617365</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">convert_from</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'\x6461746162617365'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'utf-8'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">convert_from</span>
<span class="c1">--------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">database</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section104721729184414"><h4 class="sectiontitle">encode(data bytea, format text)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p14472162912448">Description: Encodes binary data into a textual representation.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p154727293443">Return type: text</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p547232994417">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen94731429154418"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'database'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'base64'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">----------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ZGF0YWJhc2U</span><span class="o">=</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section48966198216"><h4 class="sectiontitle">format(formatstr text [, str"any" [, ...] ])</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1389618191523">Description: Formats a string.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p889616193215">Return type: text</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p28963199210">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen1889621916213"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Hello %s, %1$s'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'World'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">format</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">--------------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Hello</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">World</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">World</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section068441877"><h4 class="sectiontitle">instr(text,text,int,int)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p18685413711">Description: <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b842352706174112">FROM int</strong> indicates the start position of the replacement in the first string. <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b842352706174114">for int</strong> indicates the number of characters replaced in the first string.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p57614269216">Return type: integer</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p4689415711">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen1468341976"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">instr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'abcdabcdabcd'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'bcd'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">instr</span>
<span class="c1">-------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">6</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section1883091016350"><h4 class="sectiontitle">initcap(string)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1483071014357">Description: The first letter of each word in the string is converted into the uppercase and the other letters are converted into the lowercase.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1830131003517">Return type: text</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p383041013514">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen7830111012353"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">initcap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'hi THOMAS'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">initcap</span>
<span class="c1">-----------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Hi</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Thomas</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section1896765793516"><h4 class="sectiontitle">instr(string,substring[,position,occurrence])</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1296795763515">Description: Queries and returns the value of the substring position that occurs the occurrence (first by default) times from the position (1 by default) in the string.</p>
<ul id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__ul19967195720354"><li id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__li2096775703512">If the value of <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b5616111818206">position</strong> is <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b1661611187208">0</strong>, <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b196161418122019">0</strong> is returned.</li><li id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__li1196717577359">If the value of <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b19917497201">position</strong> is negative, searches backwards from the last <em id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__i17448830182020">n</em>th character in the string, in which <em id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__i1098105832015">n</em> indicates the absolute value of <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b618415310211">position</strong>.</li></ul>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p196735720358">In this function, the calculation unit is character. One Chinese character is one character.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p13968125717351">Return type: integer</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p17968957153510">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen14968957143517"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">instr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'corporate floor'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'or'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">instr</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">-------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">5</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen11968657143516"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">instr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'corporate floor'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'or'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">instr</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">-------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section125861132123712"><h4 class="sectiontitle">lcase(string)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p5586123213714">Description: Converts the string into the lowercase.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p75861232143716">Return type: varchar</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p19587103210379">Examples:</p>
<pre class="screen" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen1558718321375"><span id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__text10587632183716"></span>SELECT lcase('SAM');
lcase
-------
sam
(1 row)</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section887918317105"><h4 class="sectiontitle">left(str text, n int)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p208798318105">Description: Returns first <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b12208736778508">n</strong> characters in the string.</p>
<div class="p" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p9879103141018">Return type: text<ul id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__ul187993118105"><li id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__li1879431101012">In the ORA- or TD-compatible mode, all but the last <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b17109462608508">|n|</strong> characters are returned if <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b17955660428508">n</strong> is negative.</li><li id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__li987953117106">In the MySQL-compatible mode, an empty string is returned if <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b20068504768508">n</strong> is negative.</li></ul>
</div>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1787913311104">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen4879231201019"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'abcde'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">left</span>
<span class="c1">------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ab</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section121961988224"><h4 class="sectiontitle">length(string)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p18196128172217">Description: Obtains the number of characters in a string.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1419618816224">Return type: integer</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p91961887225">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen31961384224"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">length</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'abcd'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">length</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">--------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">4</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section26115490101"><h4 class="sectiontitle">length(string bytea, encoding name )</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p6611124910100">Description: Number of characters in <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b842352706105923">string</strong> in the given <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b842352706105931">encoding</strong>. The <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b842352706105951">string</strong> must be valid in this encoding.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p116111949181016">Return type: integer</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p3611184981019">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen18611349201015"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">length</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'jose'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'UTF8'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">length</span>
<span class="c1">--------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">4</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section59445393223"><h4 class="sectiontitle">lengthb(string)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p8944113914229">Description: Obtains the number of characters in a string. The value depends on character sets (GBK and UTF8).</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1945163982213">Return type: integer</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p10945203922213">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen12945113915226"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lengthb</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'hello'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lengthb</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">---------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">5</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section18061554362"><h4 class="sectiontitle">lengthb(text/bpchar)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p6782125414616">Description: Obtains the number of bytes of a specified string.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p18822233122112">Return type: integer</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1578113544615">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen11782175417618"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lengthb</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'hello'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lengthb</span>
<span class="c1">---------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">5</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="note" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__note1660194441717"><img src="public_sys-resources/note_3.0-en-us.png"><span class="notetitle"> </span><div class="notebody"><ul id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__ul76084410172"><li id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__li1160184411170">For a string containing newline characters, for example, a string consisting of a newline character and a space, the value of <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__en-us_topic_0085031645_b74234241895">length</strong> and <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__en-us_topic_0085031645_b415833319917">lengthb</strong> in <span id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__text563441612">GaussDB(DWS)</span> is 2.</li><li id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__li17601144161717">In <span id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__text509930790">GaussDB(DWS)</span>, <em id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__en-us_topic_0085031645_i842352697202925">n</em> of the CHAR(n) type indicates the number of characters. Therefore, for multiple-octet coded character sets, the length returned by the LENGTHB function may be longer than <em id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__i13707506048508">n</em>.</li></ul>
</div></div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section879854043613"><h4 class="sectiontitle">locate(substring,string[,position])</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p157981405362">Description: From the specified <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b17847754134015">position</strong> (<strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b468217572406">1</strong> by default) in the string on, queries and returns the value of <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b153317314310">position</strong> where the substring occurs for the first time. The unit is character. If the string does not contain substrings, 0 is returned.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p37981402363">Return type: integer</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p16798104018360">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen1879924014368"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">locate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ball'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'football'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">locate</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">--------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">5</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen580094017361"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">locate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'er'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'soccerplayer'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'6'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">locate</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">--------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section11587143212372"><h4 class="sectiontitle">lower(string)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p758716329379">Description: Converts the string into the lowercase.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p45871032153718">Return type: varchar</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p658711328376">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen258763293715"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">lower</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'TOM'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">lower</span>
<span class="c1">-------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tom</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section172607179915"><h4 class="sectiontitle">lpad(string text, length int [, fill text])</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1260417394">Description: Fills up the string to the specified length by appending the characters <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b84235270611357">fill</strong> (a space by default). If the <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b8423527061155">string</strong> is already longer than <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b84235270611520">length</strong> then it is truncated (on the right).</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p132798589206">Return type: text</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p92602175915">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen226010170914"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lpad</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'hi'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'xyza'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lpad</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">-------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">xyzhi</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section1854916207109"><h4 class="sectiontitle">lpad(string varchar, length int[, repeat_string varchar])</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p8549162019100">Description: Adds a series of <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b842352706172552">repeat_string</strong> (a space by default) on the left of the string to generate a new string with the total length of n.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p185491320161011">If the length of the string is longer than the specified length, the function truncates the string and returns the substrings with the specified length.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p19549720191016">Return type: varchar</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p185491620201019">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen654912206103"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lpad</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'PAGE 1'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">15</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'*.'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lpad</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">-----------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">PAGE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen3550132091020"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lpad</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'hello world'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'abcd'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lpad</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">-------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">hello</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section067913198"><h4 class="sectiontitle">octet_length(string)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p167913391">Description: Number of bytes in a string</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p0312104352118">Return type: integer</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p13676131919">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen16673135916"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">octet_length</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'jose'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">octet_length</span>
<span class="c1">--------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">4</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section331198290"><h4 class="sectiontitle">overlay(string placing string FROM int [for int])</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p153111816911">Description: Replaces substring. <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b842352706172240">FROM int</strong> indicates the start position of the replacement in the first string. <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b842352706172324">for int</strong> indicates the number of characters replaced in the first string.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1493155017217">Return type: text</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p12311381692">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen153111187911"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">overlay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'hello'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">placing</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'world'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">overlay</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">---------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">hworldo</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section11591142031114"><h4 class="sectiontitle">pg_client_encoding()</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p12592102041115">Description: Current client encoding name</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p859262041110">Return type: name</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p3592920111111">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen10592920141120"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pg_client_encoding</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pg_client_encoding</span>
<span class="c1">--------------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">UTF8</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section129541739916"><h4 class="sectiontitle">position(substring in string)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p149541431697">Description: Location of specified substring If the string does not contain substrings, 0 is returned.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p0956235182210">Return type: integer</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p13953531290">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen09531834910"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal"> 1</span>
<span class="normal"> 2</span>
<span class="normal"> 3</span>
<span class="normal"> 4</span>
<span class="normal"> 5</span>
<span class="normal"> 6</span>
<span class="normal"> 7</span>
<span class="normal"> 8</span>
<span class="normal"> 9</span>
<span class="normal">10</span>
<span class="normal">11</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">position</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ing'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'string'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">position</span>
<span class="c1">----------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">4</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">position</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ing'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'strin'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">position</span>
<span class="c1">----------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section331855217813"><h4 class="sectiontitle">quote_ident(string text)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1629915521884">Description: Returns the given string suitably quoted to be used as an identifier in an SQL statement string (quotation marks are used as required). Quotes are added only if necessary (that is, if the string contains non-identifier characters or would be case-folded). The quotation marks embedded in the return value are double quotation marks.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p18360185310229">Return type: text</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p529810522810">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen12991952982"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">quote_ident</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'hello world'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">quote_ident</span>
<span class="c1">--------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="ss">&quot;hello world&quot;</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section1871952982314"><h4 class="sectiontitle">quote_literal(string text)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p18701162982319">Description: Returns the given string suitably quoted to be used as a string literal in an SQL statement string (quotation marks are used as required).</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1701429182318">Return type: text</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p670132910234">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen1270152932316"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">quote_literal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'hello'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">quote_literal</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">---------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'hello'</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p57011229182316">If command similar to the following exists, text will be escaped.</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen12701142992317"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">quote_literal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">E</span><span class="s1">'O\'</span><span class="n">hello</span><span class="s1">');</span>
<span class="s1"> quote_literal</span>
<span class="s1">---------------</span>
<span class="s1"> '</span><span class="n">O</span><span class="s1">''</span><span class="n">hello</span><span class="err">'</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p2701122912237">If command similar to the following exists, backslash will be properly doubled.</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen1470210292234"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">quote_literal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'O\hello'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">quote_literal</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">---------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">E</span><span class="s1">'O\\hello'</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p370213292238">If the parameter is null, return <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b84235270614536">NULL</strong>. If the parameter may be null, you are advised to use <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b842352706143353">quote_nullable</strong>.</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen13702192918234"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">quote_literal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">quote_literal</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">---------------</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section18251239152417"><h4 class="sectiontitle">quote_literal(value anyelement)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p134143920241">Description: Converts the given value to text and then quotes it as a literal.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p174103942413">Return type: text</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p19423932414">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen1551639122414"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">quote_literal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">quote_literal</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">---------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'42.5'</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p6513914244">If command similar to the following exists, the given value will be escaped.</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen1051739202415"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">quote_literal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">E</span><span class="s1">'O\'</span><span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="s1">');</span>
<span class="s1"> quote_literal</span>
<span class="s1">---------------</span>
<span class="s1"> '</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="s1">''</span><span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="err">'</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1851739162412">If command similar to the following exists, backslash will be properly doubled.</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen12518393248"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">quote_literal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'O\42.5'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">quote_literal</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">---------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">E</span><span class="s1">'O\\42.5'</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section16748544142710"><h4 class="sectiontitle">quote_nullable(string text)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p137282444271">Description: Returns the given string suitably quoted to be used as a string literal in an SQL statement string (quotation marks are used as required).</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p13728544182717">Return type: text</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p177281144182711">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen1972994492712"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">quote_nullable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'hello'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">quote_nullable</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">----------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'hello'</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p147293443271">If command similar to the following exists, text will be escaped.</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen9729244172710"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">quote_nullable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">E</span><span class="s1">'O\'</span><span class="n">hello</span><span class="s1">');</span>
<span class="s1"> quote_nullable</span>
<span class="s1">----------------</span>
<span class="s1"> '</span><span class="n">O</span><span class="s1">''</span><span class="n">hello</span><span class="err">'</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p17291944122710">If command similar to the following exists, backslash will be properly doubled.</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen1473004414273"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">quote_nullable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'O\hello'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">quote_nullable</span>
<span class="c1">----------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">E</span><span class="s1">'O\\hello'</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p9730184411272">If the parameter is null, return <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b1094790712">NULL</strong>.</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen14730124411276"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">quote_nullable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">quote_nullable</span>
<span class="c1">----------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">NULL</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section0500423162814"><h4 class="sectiontitle">quote_nullable(value anyelement)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p8488423122814">Description: Converts the given value to text and then quotes it as a literal.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p174881023122815">Return type: text</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1648822320287">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen249172322815"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">quote_nullable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">quote_nullable</span>
<span class="c1">----------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'42.5'</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p04911223182811">If command similar to the following exists, the given value will be escaped.</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen134911423142814"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">quote_nullable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">E</span><span class="s1">'O\'</span><span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="s1">');</span>
<span class="s1"> quote_nullable </span>
<span class="s1">----------------</span>
<span class="s1"> '</span><span class="n">O</span><span class="s1">''</span><span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="err">'</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p749120233286">If command similar to the following exists, backslash will be properly doubled.</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen1249152317282"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">quote_nullable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'O\42.5'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">quote_nullable</span>
<span class="c1">----------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">E</span><span class="s1">'O\\42.5'</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p049282317288">If the parameter is null, return <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b45439198">NULL</strong>.</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen44924237286"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">quote_nullable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">quote_nullable</span>
<span class="c1">----------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">NULL</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section14236625191215"><h4 class="sectiontitle">rawcat(raw,raw)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p723715258121">Description: Indicates the string concatenation functions.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p9237132561213">Return type: raw</p>
<div class="p" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p023732581214">Examples:<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen623782511123"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rawcat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ab'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'cd'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rawcat</span>
<span class="c1">--------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ABCD</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section1218395412403"><h4 class="sectiontitle">regexp_like(source_string, pattern [, match_parameter])</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1518311545402">Description: Indicates the mode matching function of a regular expression.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p18183854124018"><strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b84235270611121">source_string</strong> indicates the source string and <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b84235270611429">pattern</strong> indicates the matching pattern of the regular expression. <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b84235270612348">match_parameter</strong> indicates the matching items and the values are as follows:</p>
<ul id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__ul718316542401"><li id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__li1118395414019">"i": case-insensitive</li><li id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__li518355413403">"c": case-sensitive</li><li id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__li4183154104017">"n": allowing the metacharacter "." in a regular expression to be matched with a linefeed.</li><li id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__li13183654134017">"m": allows <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b84235270611631">source_string</strong> to be regarded as multiple rows.</li></ul>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1518315412400">If <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b8423527061172">match_parameter</strong> is ignored, <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b84235270611712">case-sensitive</strong> is enabled by default, "." is not matched with a linefeed, and <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b84235270611756">source_string</strong> is regarded as a single row.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1184165419403">Return type: <span id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__text6188191215439">boolean</span></p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p12184135414014">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen7184165419409"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">regexp_like</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ABC'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'[A-Z]'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">regexp_like</span>
<span class="c1">-------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen61848540405"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">regexp_like</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ABC'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'[D-Z]'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">regexp_like</span>
<span class="c1">-------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen318515411407"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">regexp_like</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'abc'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'[A-Z]'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'i'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">regexp_like</span>
<span class="c1">-------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen41851554104019"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">regexp_like</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'abc'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'[A-Z]'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">regexp_like</span>
<span class="c1">-------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section1047719383121"><h4 class="sectiontitle">regexp_like(text,text,text)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p5477538131216">Description: Indicates the mode matching function of a regular expression.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p10477123817122">Return type: bool</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1347712389123">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen64772038131210"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">regexp_like</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'str'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'[ac]'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">regexp_like</span>
<span class="c1">-------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section8996142616133"><a name="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section8996142616133"></a><a name="section8996142616133"></a><h4 class="sectiontitle">regexp_matches(string text, pattern text [, flags text])</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p169961226151316">Description: Returns all captured substrings resulting from matching a POSIX regular expression against the <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b842352706165658">string</strong>. If the pattern does not match, the function returns no rows. If the pattern contains no parenthesized sub-expressions, then each row returned is a single-element text array containing the substring matching the whole pattern. If the pattern contains parenthesized sub-expressions, the function returns a text array whose <em id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__i842352697201924">n</em>th element is the substring matching the <em id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__i842352697201933">n</em>th parenthesized sub-expression of the pattern.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1499612261136">The optional <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b842352706111639">flags</strong> argument contains zero or multiple single-letter flags that change function behavior. <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b842352706111934">i</strong> indicates that the matching is not related to uppercase and lowercase. <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b842352706111939">g</strong> indicates that each matching substring is replaced, instead of replacing only the first one.</p>
<div class="notice" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__note15996122611314"><span class="noticetitle"><img src="public_sys-resources/notice_3.0-en-us.png"> </span><div class="noticebody"><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1997726171318">If the last parameter is provided but the parameter value is an empty string ('') and the SQL compatibility mode of the database is set to ORA, the returned result is an empty set. This is because the ORA compatible mode treats the empty string ('') as <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b3992113133110">NULL</strong>. To resolve this problem, you can:</p>
<ul id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__ul199742621313"><li id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__li1399717262136">Change the database SQL compatibility mode to TD.</li><li id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__li11997162611133">Do not provide the last parameter or do not set the last parameter to an empty string.</li></ul>
</div></div>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1799742631317">Return type: setof text[]</p>
<div class="p" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p099710266138">Examples:<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen149976262130"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal"> 1</span>
<span class="normal"> 2</span>
<span class="normal"> 3</span>
<span class="normal"> 4</span>
<span class="normal"> 5</span>
<span class="normal"> 6</span>
<span class="normal"> 7</span>
<span class="normal"> 8</span>
<span class="normal"> 9</span>
<span class="normal">10</span>
<span class="normal">11</span>
<span class="normal">12</span>
<span class="normal">13</span>
<span class="normal">14</span>
<span class="normal">15</span>
<span class="normal">16</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">regexp_matches</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'foobarbequebaz'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'(bar)(beque)'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">regexp_matches</span>
<span class="c1">----------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="err">{</span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">beque</span><span class="err">}</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">regexp_matches</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'foobarbequebaz'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'barbeque'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">regexp_matches</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">----------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="err">{</span><span class="n">barbeque</span><span class="err">}</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">regexp_matches</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'foobarbequebazilbarfbonk'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'(b[^b]+)(b[^b]+)'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'g'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">result</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">--------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="err">{</span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">beque</span><span class="err">}</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="err">{</span><span class="n">bazil</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">barf</span><span class="err">}</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">rows</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section113627486392"><a name="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section113627486392"></a><a name="section113627486392"></a><h4 class="sectiontitle">regexp_replace(string, pattern, replacement [,flags ])</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p3362114833916">Description: Replaces substring matching POSIX regular expression. The source string is returned unchanged if there is no match to the pattern. If there is a match, the source string is returned with the replacement string substituted for the matching substring.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p173621648123918">The replacement string can contain \n, where n is 1 through 9, to indicate that the source substring matching the <em id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__i842352697202420">n</em>th parenthesized sub-expression of the pattern should be inserted, and it can contain \&amp; to indicate that the substring matching the entire pattern should be inserted.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p3362144814397">The optional <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b146792727">flags</strong> argument contains zero or multiple single-letter flags that change function behavior. The following table lists the options of the <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b3270169122419">flags</strong> argument.</p>
<div class="tablenoborder"><table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__table5362114817396" frame="border" border="1" rules="all"><caption><b>Table 1 </b>Options of the flags argument</caption><thead align="left"><tr id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__row1836311485394"><th align="left" class="cellrowborder" valign="top" width="7.7299999999999995%" id="mcps1.3.42.5.2.3.1.1"><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1536354823913">Option</p>
</th>
<th align="left" class="cellrowborder" valign="top" width="92.27%" id="mcps1.3.42.5.2.3.1.2"><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p936364893919">Description</p>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__row123638483392"><td class="cellrowborder" valign="top" width="7.7299999999999995%" headers="mcps1.3.42.5.2.3.1.1 "><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p183633481391">g</p>
</td>
<td class="cellrowborder" valign="top" width="92.27%" headers="mcps1.3.42.5.2.3.1.2 "><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p436313483392">Replace all the matched substrings. (By default, only the first matched substring is replaced.)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__row18364124813394"><td class="cellrowborder" valign="top" width="7.7299999999999995%" headers="mcps1.3.42.5.2.3.1.1 "><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p18364134817393">B</p>
</td>
<td class="cellrowborder" valign="top" width="92.27%" headers="mcps1.3.42.5.2.3.1.2 "><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p536414482397">Preferentially use the boost regex regular expression library and its regular expression syntax. By default, the Henry Spencer's regular expression library and its regular expression syntax are used.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p03641648203911">In the following cases, the Henry Spencer's regular expression library and its regular expression syntax will be used even if this option is specified:</p>
<ul id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__ul3364134816397"><li id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__li10364348153917">One or multiple characters of <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b17219926112312">p</strong>, <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b77474282233">q</strong>, <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b11162431142310">w</strong>, and <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b521711345237">x</strong> are specified for <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b1591510392487">flags</strong>.</li><li id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__li83641048103915">The <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b16535325182516">string</strong> or <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b148818290252">pattern</strong> parameter contains multi-byte characters.</li></ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__row18364134817392"><td class="cellrowborder" valign="top" width="7.7299999999999995%" headers="mcps1.3.42.5.2.3.1.1 "><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p43651048173913">b</p>
</td>
<td class="cellrowborder" valign="top" width="92.27%" headers="mcps1.3.42.5.2.3.1.2 "><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p5365184814390">Use POSIX Basic Regular Expressions (BREs) for matching.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__row93658483395"><td class="cellrowborder" valign="top" width="7.7299999999999995%" headers="mcps1.3.42.5.2.3.1.1 "><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p12365174820396">c</p>
</td>
<td class="cellrowborder" valign="top" width="92.27%" headers="mcps1.3.42.5.2.3.1.2 "><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p113654480393">Case-sensitive matching</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__row183650481395"><td class="cellrowborder" valign="top" width="7.7299999999999995%" headers="mcps1.3.42.5.2.3.1.1 "><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p16365184863917">e</p>
</td>
<td class="cellrowborder" valign="top" width="92.27%" headers="mcps1.3.42.5.2.3.1.2 "><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p143651548193912">Use POSIX Extended Regular Expressions (EREs) for matching. If neither <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b660014203714">b</strong> nor <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b18229116203710">e</strong> is specified and the Henry Spencer's regular expression library is used, Advanced Regular Expressions (AREs), similar to Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCREs), are used for matching; if neither <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b126974479413">b</strong> nor <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b1569713471414">e</strong> is specified and the boost regex regular expression library is used, PCREs are used for matching.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__row19365204873916"><td class="cellrowborder" valign="top" width="7.7299999999999995%" headers="mcps1.3.42.5.2.3.1.1 "><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p16366114883912">i</p>
</td>
<td class="cellrowborder" valign="top" width="92.27%" headers="mcps1.3.42.5.2.3.1.2 "><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p14366144853918">Case-insensitive matching</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__row7366124873913"><td class="cellrowborder" valign="top" width="7.7299999999999995%" headers="mcps1.3.42.5.2.3.1.1 "><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p13366148193916">m</p>
</td>
<td class="cellrowborder" valign="top" width="92.27%" headers="mcps1.3.42.5.2.3.1.2 "><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p936644873919">Line feed-sensitive matching, which has the same meaning as option <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b83818497471">n</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__row1336617484394"><td class="cellrowborder" valign="top" width="7.7299999999999995%" headers="mcps1.3.42.5.2.3.1.1 "><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p336624823915">n</p>
</td>
<td class="cellrowborder" valign="top" width="92.27%" headers="mcps1.3.42.5.2.3.1.2 "><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p53668486397">Line feed-sensitive matching. When this option takes effect, the line separator affects the matching of metacharacters (., ^, $, and [^).</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__row183675489392"><td class="cellrowborder" valign="top" width="7.7299999999999995%" headers="mcps1.3.42.5.2.3.1.1 "><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p6367148143914">p</p>
</td>
<td class="cellrowborder" valign="top" width="92.27%" headers="mcps1.3.42.5.2.3.1.2 "><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p936714489399">Partial line feed-sensitive matching. When this option takes effect, the line separator affects the matching of metacharacters (. and [^). "Partial" is in comparison with option <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b15452173615617">n</strong>.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__row16367154813395"><td class="cellrowborder" valign="top" width="7.7299999999999995%" headers="mcps1.3.42.5.2.3.1.1 "><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p16367114833915">q</p>
</td>
<td class="cellrowborder" valign="top" width="92.27%" headers="mcps1.3.42.5.2.3.1.2 "><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p8367348163913">Reset the regular expression to a text string enclosed in double quotation marks ("") and consisting of only common characters.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__row636784833920"><td class="cellrowborder" valign="top" width="7.7299999999999995%" headers="mcps1.3.42.5.2.3.1.1 "><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p183671548203919">s</p>
</td>
<td class="cellrowborder" valign="top" width="92.27%" headers="mcps1.3.42.5.2.3.1.2 "><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p113677487393">Non-line feed-sensitive matching</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__row4368194814393"><td class="cellrowborder" valign="top" width="7.7299999999999995%" headers="mcps1.3.42.5.2.3.1.1 "><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p18368154817399">t</p>
</td>
<td class="cellrowborder" valign="top" width="92.27%" headers="mcps1.3.42.5.2.3.1.2 "><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p136874820392">Compact syntax (default). When this option takes effect, all characters matter.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__row23681248143910"><td class="cellrowborder" valign="top" width="7.7299999999999995%" headers="mcps1.3.42.5.2.3.1.1 "><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p6368174814398">w</p>
</td>
<td class="cellrowborder" valign="top" width="92.27%" headers="mcps1.3.42.5.2.3.1.2 "><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p10368748133919">Reverse partial line feed-sensitive matching. When this option takes effect, the line separator affects the matching of metacharacters (^ and $). "Partial" is in comparison with option <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b9925162124916">n</strong>.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__row13686486392"><td class="cellrowborder" valign="top" width="7.7299999999999995%" headers="mcps1.3.42.5.2.3.1.1 "><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p173681448173917">x</p>
</td>
<td class="cellrowborder" valign="top" width="92.27%" headers="mcps1.3.42.5.2.3.1.2 "><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p10368104814397">Extended syntax In contrast to the compact syntax, whitespace characters in regular expressions are ignored in the extended syntax. Whitespace characters include spaces, horizontal tabs, new lines, and any other characters in the space character table.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1636934815398">Return type: varchar</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p163691448203918">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen1436954843919"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal"> 1</span>
<span class="normal"> 2</span>
<span class="normal"> 3</span>
<span class="normal"> 4</span>
<span class="normal"> 5</span>
<span class="normal"> 6</span>
<span class="normal"> 7</span>
<span class="normal"> 8</span>
<span class="normal"> 9</span>
<span class="normal">10</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">regexp_replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Thomas'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'.[mN]a.'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'M'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">regexp_replace</span>
<span class="c1">----------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ThM</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">regexp_replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'foobarbaz'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'b(..)'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">E</span><span class="s1">'X\\1Y'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'g'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">RESULT</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">result</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">-------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fooXarYXazY</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section145202499127"><h4 class="sectiontitle">regexp_substr(text,text)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p2521154921210">Description: Extracts substrings from a regular expression. Its function is similar to <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b21071956171310">substr</strong>. When a regular expression contains multiple parallel brackets, it also needs to be processed.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p19521249161216">Return type: text</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p852124912122">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen1852119498129"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">regexp_substr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'str'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'[ac]'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">regexp_substr</span>
<span class="c1">---------------</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section473245818137"><a name="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section473245818137"></a><a name="section473245818137"></a><h4 class="sectiontitle">regexp_split_to_array(string text, pattern text [, flags text ])</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p3732858111310">Description: Splits <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b84235270617020">string</strong> using a POSIX regular expression as the delimiter. The regexp_split_to_array function behaves the same as regexp_split_to_table, except that regexp_split_to_array returns its result as an array of text.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1473212581136">Return type: text[]</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p97329584130">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen8732185881318"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">regexp_split_to_array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'hello world'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">E</span><span class="s1">'\\s+'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">regexp_split_to_array</span>
<span class="c1">-----------------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="err">{</span><span class="n">hello</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">world</span><span class="err">}</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section7389155181417"><a name="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section7389155181417"></a><a name="section7389155181417"></a><h4 class="sectiontitle">regexp_split_to_table(string text, pattern text [, flags text])</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p0390455101415">Description: Splits <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b788891311">string</strong> using a POSIX regular expression as the delimiter. If there is no match to the pattern, the function returns the string. If there is at least one match, for each match it returns the text from the end of the last match (or the beginning of the string) to the beginning of the match. When there are no more matches, it returns the text from the end of the last match to the end of the string.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p16390205513141">The <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b842352706202147">flags</strong> parameter is a text string containing zero or more single-letter flags that change the function's behavior. <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b1638990708">i</strong> indicates that the matching is not related to uppercase and lowercase. <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b976431336">g</strong> indicates that each matching substring is replaced, instead of replacing only the first one.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p439015552145">Return type: setof text</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p15390155520141">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen203901055181411"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span>
<span class="normal">6</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">regexp_split_to_table</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'hello world'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">E</span><span class="s1">'\\s+'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">regexp_split_to_table</span>
<span class="c1">-----------------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">hello</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">world</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">rows</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section176931826134516"><h4 class="sectiontitle">regexp_substr(source_char, pattern)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p869322624519">Description: Extracts substrings from a regular expression.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p769310265453">Return type: varchar</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p56933266457">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen11693192614452"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">regexp_substr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'500 Hello World, Redwood Shores, CA'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">',[^,]+,'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ss">&quot;REGEXPR_SUBSTR&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">REGEXPR_SUBSTR</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">-------------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Redwood</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Shores</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section5592111614158"><h4 class="sectiontitle">repeat(string text, number int )</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p19592111641518">Description: text</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1659281617157">Return type: string repeated for <em id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__i84235269792116">number</em> times</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p6592216141516">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen155921916131513"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">repeat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Pg'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">repeat</span>
<span class="c1">----------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PgPgPgPg</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section764383319151"><h4 class="sectiontitle">replace(string text, from text, to text)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1164393314154">Description: Replaces all occurrences in <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b84235270617613">string</strong> of substring <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b84235270617627">from</strong> with substring <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b84235270617633">to</strong>.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p064333331518">Return type: text</p>
<div class="p" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p10644193351513">Examples:<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen146441533111517"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'abcdefabcdef'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'cd'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'XXX'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">replace</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">----------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">abXXXefabXXXef</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section84801354617"><h4 class="sectiontitle">replace(string varchar, search_string varchar, replacement_string varchar)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1549131374619">Description: Replaces all <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b8423527062254">search-string</strong> in the string with <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b84235270622513">replacement_string</strong>.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p2492134463">Return type: varchar</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p14919137464">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen5491613114612"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'jack and jue'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'j'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'bl'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">replace</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">----------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">black</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">and</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">blue</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section16382102151612"><h4 class="sectiontitle">reverse(str)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p133820213162">Description: Returns reversed string.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1538217261610">Return type: text</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1838212217168">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen5382152101618"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">reverse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'abcde'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">reverse</span>
<span class="c1">---------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">edcba</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section1214547141618"><h4 class="sectiontitle">right(str text, n int)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1514144718164">Description: Returns the last <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b84235270617828">n</strong> characters in the string.</p>
<ul id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__ul201404731613"><li id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__li10148479162">In the ORA- or TD-compatible mode, all but the last <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b4889113171116">|n|</strong> characters are returned if <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b2088920316118">n</strong> is negative.</li><li id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__li1314647121619">In the MySQL-compatible mode, an empty string is returned if <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b11507135381114">n</strong> is negative.</li></ul>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p0148477162">Return type: text</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1514144711162">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen514144715163"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal"> 1</span>
<span class="normal"> 2</span>
<span class="normal"> 3</span>
<span class="normal"> 4</span>
<span class="normal"> 5</span>
<span class="normal"> 6</span>
<span class="normal"> 7</span>
<span class="normal"> 8</span>
<span class="normal"> 9</span>
<span class="normal">10</span>
<span class="normal">11</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">right</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'abcde'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">right</span>
<span class="c1">-------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">de</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">right</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'abcde'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">right</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">-------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cde</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section178671429124215"><h4 class="sectiontitle">rpad(string varchar, length int [, fill varchar])</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p168671029134215">Description: Fills up the string to length by appending the characters fill (a space by default). If the string is already longer than length then it is truncated.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p78670296427"><strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__en-us_topic_0058965728_b84235270695440">length</strong> in <span id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__text1139195039">GaussDB(DWS)</span> indicates the character length. One Chinese character is counted as one character.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1786872954210">Return type: varchar</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p16868429124215">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen168686296423"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rpad</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'hi'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'xyza'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rpad</span>
<span class="c1">-------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">hixyz</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen17868529114214"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rpad</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'hi'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'abcdefg'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rpad</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">-------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">hiabc</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section103717300179"><h4 class="sectiontitle">rpad(string text, length int [, fill text])</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p63716308178">Description: Fills up the string to length by appending the characters fill (a space by default). If the string is already longer than length then it is truncated.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1937112304179">Return type: text</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p9371113011716">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen637193010179"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rpad</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'hi'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'xy'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rpad</span>
<span class="c1">-------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">hixyx</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section9304134411179"><h4 class="sectiontitle">rtrim(string text [, characters text])</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1330418441179">Description: Removes the longest string containing only characters from characters (a space by default) from the end of string.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p73047442179">Return type: text</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p2030410447173">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen630419447170"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rtrim</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'trimxxxx'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'x'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rtrim</span>
<span class="c1">-------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">trim</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section1623718401446"><h4 class="sectiontitle">rtrim(string [, characters])</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p162383406446">Description: Removes the longest string containing only characters from characters (a space by default) from the end of string.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p202383408446">Return type: varchar</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p14238340104419">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen223815403444"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rtrim</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'TRIMxxxx'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'x'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rtrim</span>
<span class="c1">-------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TRIM</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section1423814074410"><h4 class="sectiontitle">ltrim(string [, characters])</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p42391840104415">Description: Removes the longest string containing only characters from characters (a space by default) from the start of string.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p17239164014413">Return type: varchar</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1023914064411">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen132391403446"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ltrim</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'xxxxTRIM'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'x'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ltrim</span>
<span class="c1">-------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TRIM</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section1812191161911"><h4 class="sectiontitle">string || string</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p0121811181919">Description: Concatenates strings.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1512311181912">Return type: text</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p512171131912">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen131221111197"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'DA'</span><span class="o">||</span><span class="s1">'TABASE'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">RESULT</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">result</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">--------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">DATABASE</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section571162511918"><h4 class="sectiontitle">string || non-string or non-string || string</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p10711182511198">Description: Concatenates strings and non-strings.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p77114257197">Return type: text</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p47111125121919">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen8711925101916"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'Value: '</span><span class="o">||</span><span class="mi">42</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">RESULT</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">result</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">-----------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Value</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">42</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section1079413153015"><h4 class="sectiontitle">substring(string [from int] [for int])</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1472141319305">Description: Extracts a substring. <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b842352706172914">from int</strong> indicates the start position of the truncation. <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b842352706172926">for int</strong> indicates the number of characters truncated.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p11346426183010">Return type: text</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p67110134309">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen672101318305"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">substring</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Thomas'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">substring</span>
<span class="c1">-----------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">hom</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section18591914314"><a name="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section18591914314"></a><a name="section18591914314"></a><h4 class="sectiontitle">substring(string from <em id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__i45351210173112">pattern</em>)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p18849151173114">Description: Extracts substring matching POSIX regular expression. It returns the text that matches the pattern. If no match record is found, a null value is returned.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p6288133214317">Return type: text</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1584818113110">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen168491163110"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal"> 1</span>
<span class="normal"> 2</span>
<span class="normal"> 3</span>
<span class="normal"> 4</span>
<span class="normal"> 5</span>
<span class="normal"> 6</span>
<span class="normal"> 7</span>
<span class="normal"> 8</span>
<span class="normal"> 9</span>
<span class="normal">10</span>
<span class="normal">11</span>
<span class="normal">12</span>
<span class="normal">13</span>
<span class="normal">14</span>
<span class="normal">15</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">substring</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Thomas'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'...$'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">substring</span>
<span class="c1">-----------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mas</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">substring</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'foobar'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'o(.)b'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">result</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">--------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">o</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">substring</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'foobar'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'(o(.)b)'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">result</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">--------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">oob</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
<div class="note" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__note1484916114312"><img src="public_sys-resources/note_3.0-en-us.png"><span class="notetitle"> </span><div class="notebody"><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p18849171153117">If the POSIX pattern contains any parentheses, the portion of the text that matched the first parenthesized sub-expression (the one whose left parenthesis comes first) is returned. You can put parentheses around the whole expression if you want to use parentheses within it without triggering this exception.</p>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section4372163419322"><a name="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section4372163419322"></a><a name="section4372163419322"></a><h4 class="sectiontitle">substring(string from <em id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__i12365634123212">pattern</em> for <em id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__i436543418329">escape</em>)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p23664347321">Description: Extracts substring matching SQL regular expression. The specified pattern must match the entire data string, or else the function fails and returns null. To indicate the part of the pattern that should be returned on success, the pattern must contain two occurrences of the escape character followed by a double quote ("). The text matching the portion of the pattern between these markers is returned.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p186855333210">Return type: text</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p15366193411326">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen0366134153211"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">substring</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Thomas'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'%#&quot;o_a#&quot;_'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'#'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">substring</span>
<span class="c1">-----------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">oma</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section147181221192014"><h4 class="sectiontitle">split_part(string text, delimiter text, field int)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p177199216203">Description: Splits <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__en-us_topic_0058965728_b842352706174915">string</strong> on <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__en-us_topic_0058965728_b842352706174920">delimiter</strong> and returns the <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b842352706103034">field</strong>th column (counting from text of the first appeared delimiter).</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p18719122182016">Return type: text</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p67193212206">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen1719182114204"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">split_part</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'abc~@~def~@~ghi'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'~@~'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">split_part</span>
<span class="c1">------------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">def</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section249024814206"><h4 class="sectiontitle">strpos(string, substring)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p349044852013">Description: Specifies the position of a substring. It is the same as <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b3131956161318">position(substring in string)</strong>. However, the parameter sequences of them are reversed.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1549014812015">Return type: integer</p>
<div class="p" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1249004812200">Examples:<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen94901748122018"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">strpos</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'source'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'rc'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">strpos</span>
<span class="c1">--------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">4</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section7612162774820"><h4 class="sectiontitle">substrb(text,int,int)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p18606132719482">Description: Extracts a substring. The first <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b842352706173936">int</strong> indicates the start position of the subtraction. The second <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b1174215717173952">int</strong> indicates the number of bytes subtracted.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p12606112716484">Return type: text</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p5606112712483">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen116061127124817"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">substrb</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'string'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">substrb</span>
<span class="c1">---------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tri</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section179315198493"><h4 class="sectiontitle">substrb(text,int)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p19862195496">Description: Extracts a substring. <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b1211401289174014">int</strong> indicates the start position of the subtraction.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1686161944911">Return type: text</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p15899196496">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen1649993810494"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">substrb</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'string'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">substrb</span>
<span class="c1">---------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tring</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section1859543871916"><h4 class="sectiontitle">sys_context ( 'namespace' , 'parameter')</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p05951838161918">Description: Obtains and returns the parameter values of a specified <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b14696805378509">namespace</strong>.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p659510386194">Return type: text</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1359513817194">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen1859533819195"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SYS_CONTEXT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'postgres'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'archive_mode'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sys_context</span>
<span class="c1">-------------</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section873917333592"><h4 class="sectiontitle">to_hex(number int or bigint)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p187388333590">Description: Converts number to a hexadecimal expression.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p17386339598">Return type: text</p>
<div class="p" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p5915124115912">Examples:<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen1773853312591"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">to_hex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2147483647</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">to_hex</span>
<span class="c1">----------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="n">fffffff</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section152027211007"><h4 class="sectiontitle">translate(string text, from text, to text)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p127398337599">Description: Any character in <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b842352706175453">string</strong> that matches a character in the <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b84235270617553">from</strong> set is replaced by the corresponding character in the <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b842352706175513">to</strong> set. If <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__en-us_topic_0058965728_b842352706175540">from</strong> is longer than <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__en-us_topic_0058965728_b842352706175548">to</strong>, extra characters occurred in <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__en-us_topic_0058965728_b842352706175557">from</strong> are removed.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p15739133319598">Return type: text</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1073943313593">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen127391933145919"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">translate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'12345'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'143'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'ax'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">translate</span>
<span class="c1">-----------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a2x5</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section157803101216"><h4 class="sectiontitle">substr(string,from)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p58250252218">Description:</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p8825132516214">Extracts substrings from a string.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p148255254216"><strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b842352706192815">from</strong> indicates the start position of the extraction.</p>
<ul id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__ul682519251210"><li id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__li6825202520217">If <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b842352706112453">from</strong> starts at 0, the value <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b8423527061953">1</strong> is used.</li><li id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__li1782619251820">If the value of <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b842352706192827">from</strong> is positive, all characters from <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b842352706192836">from</strong> to the end are extracted.</li><li id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__li1382612251227">If the value of <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b2118378384192845">from</strong> is negative, the last n characters in the string are extracted, in which n indicates the absolute value of <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b1660602239192848">from</strong>.</li></ul>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p682692510214">Return type: varchar</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p882614256211">Examples:</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p6826125123">If the value of <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b842352706103553">from</strong> is positive:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen4826192513212"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">substr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ABCDEF'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">substr</span>
<span class="c1">--------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">BCDEF</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p2826172519218">If the value of <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b84235270610363">from</strong> is negative:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen482622519211"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">substr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ABCDEF'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">substr</span>
<span class="c1">--------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EF</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section13251160538"><h4 class="sectiontitle">substr(string,from,count)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p203071810637">Description:</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p19307151017311">Extracts substrings from a string.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p830719101136"><strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b1631845204">from</strong> indicates the start position of the extraction.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p5307210430">"count" indicates the length of the extracted substring.</p>
<ul id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__ul4307210037"><li id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__li1307810233">If <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b573103973">from</strong> starts at 0, the value <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b526868837">1</strong> is used.</li><li id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__li83071910438">If the value of <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b84235270693453">from</strong> is positive, extract <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b115857197520536">count</strong> characters starting from <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b84235270693542">from</strong>.</li><li id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__li103079104319">If the value of <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b8423527069367">from</strong> is negative, extract the last <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b84235270693637">n</strong> <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b84235270693646">count</strong> characters in the string, in which <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b8423527069373">n</strong> indicates the absolute value of <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b84235270693713">from</strong>.</li><li id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__li13081610435">If the value of "count" is smaller than 1, null is returned.</li></ul>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1630815101935">Return type: varchar</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p730816104317">Examples:</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1230812107312">If the value of <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b1885083185">from</strong> is positive:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen157476181839"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">substr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ABCDEF'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">substr</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">--------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">BC</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p9943328436">If the value of <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b420512956">from</strong> is negative:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen2094332814312"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">substr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ABCDEF'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">substr</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">--------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DE</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section12277411282"><h4 class="sectiontitle">substrb(string,from)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p622414116819">Description: The functionality of this function is the same as that of <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b151471956181314">SUBSTR(string,from)</strong>. However, the calculation unit is byte.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p222415111180">Return type: bytea</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1698912462820">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen132254116813"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">substrb</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ABCDEF'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">substrb</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">---------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EF</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section1743518262910"><h4 class="sectiontitle">substrb(string,from,count)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1139819262092">Description: The functionality of this function is the same as that of <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b51481356171311">SUBSTR(string,from,count)</strong>. However, the calculation unit is byte.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p15332154512917">Return type: bytea</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p16917175010914">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen113981826992"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">substrb</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ABCDEF'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">substrb</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="c1">---------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">BC</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section7935121914414"><h4 class="sectiontitle">string [NOT] LIKE pattern [ESCAPE escape-character]</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p17935181924417">Description: Pattern matching function</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p59351119194411">If the pattern does not include a percentage sign (%) or an underscore (_), this mode represents itself only. In this case, the behavior of LIKE is the same as the equal operator. The underscore (_) in the pattern matches any single character while one percentage sign (%) matches no or multiple characters.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p2935019164414">To match with underscores (_) or percent signs (%), corresponding characters in pattern must lead escape characters. The default escape character is a backward slash (\) and can be specified using the <strong id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__b84235270611025">ESCAPE</strong> clause. To match with escape characters, enter two escape characters.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p09351819154417">Return type: <span id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__text68416302423">boolean</span></p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p209351119154410">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen993517195445"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'AA_BBCC'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">LIKE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'%A@_B%'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ESCAPE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'@'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">RESULT</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">result</span>
<span class="c1">--------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen1793671919448"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'AA_BBCC'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">LIKE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'%A@_B%'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">RESULT</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">result</span>
<span class="c1">--------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen3937121914440"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'AA@_BBCC'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">LIKE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'%A@_B%'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">RESULT</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">result</span>
<span class="c1">--------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section15499155463810"><h4 class="sectiontitle">trim([leading |trailing |both] [characters] from string)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p164991554103814">Description: Removes the longest string containing only the characters (a space by default) from the start/end/both ends of the string.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p949913548384">Return type: varchar</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p149913548383">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen204998546387"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">trim</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">BOTH</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'x'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'xTomxx'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">btrim</span>
<span class="c1">-------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Tom</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen2050013546383"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">trim</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">LEADING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'x'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'xTomxx'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ltrim</span>
<span class="c1">-------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Tomxx</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen9501115413810"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">trim</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">TRAILING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'x'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'xTomxx'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rtrim</span>
<span class="c1">-------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">xTom</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section17611743144119"><h4 class="sectiontitle">ucase(string)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p7611243144111">Description: Converts the string into the uppercase.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p261119433415">Return type: varchar</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p19613743164120">Examples:</p>
<pre class="screen" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen361320436418"><span id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__text4613443134112"></span>SELECT ucase('sam');
ucase
-------
SAM
(1 row)</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__section116141443204116"><h4 class="sectiontitle">upper(string)</h4><p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p1861413435418">Description: Converts the string into the uppercase.</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p16140434412">Return type: varchar</p>
<p id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__p176156436411">Examples:</p>
<div class="codecoloring" codetype="Sql" id="EN-US_TOPIC_0000001233708689__screen176156431417"><div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span class="normal">1</span>
<span class="normal">2</span>
<span class="normal">3</span>
<span class="normal">4</span>
<span class="normal">5</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">upper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'tom'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">upper</span>
<span class="c1">-------</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TOM</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="familylinks">
<div class="parentlink"><strong>Parent topic:</strong> <a href="dws_06_0027.html">Functions and Operators</a></div>
</div>
</div>
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