LOCK

Function

LOCK TABLE obtains a table-level lock.

When the lock for commands referencing a table is automatically acquired, GaussDB(DWS) always uses the lock mode with minimum constraints. Use LOCK if users need a more strict lock mode. For example, suppose an application runs a transaction at the Read Committed isolation level and needs to ensure that data in a table remains stable in the duration of the transaction. To achieve this, you could obtain SHARE lock mode over the table before the query. This will prevent concurrent data changes and ensure subsequent reads of the table see a stable view of committed data. It is because the SHARE lock mode conflicts with the ROW EXCLUSIVE lock acquired by writers, and your LOCK TABLE name IN SHARE MODE statement will wait until any concurrent holders of ROW EXCLUSIVE mode locks commit or roll back. Therefore, once you obtain the lock, there are no uncommitted writes outstanding; furthermore none can begin until you release the lock.

Precautions

• LOCK TABLE is useless outside a transaction block: the lock would remain held only to the completion of the statement. If LOCK TABLE is out of any transaction block, an error is reported.
• If no lock mode is specified, then ACCESS EXCLUSIVE, the most restrictive mode, is used.
• LOCK TABLE ... IN ACCESS SHARE MODE requires the SELECT permission on the target table. All other forms of LOCK require table-level UPDATE and/or the DELETE permission.
• There is no UNLOCK TABLE command. Locks are always released at transaction end.
• LOCK TABLE only deals with table-level locks, and so the mode names involving ROW are all misnomers. These mode names should generally be read as indicating the intention of the user to acquire row-level locks within the locked table. Also, ROW EXCLUSIVE mode is a shareable table lock. Keep in mind that all the lock modes have identical semantics so far as LOCK TABLE is concerned, differing only in the rules about which modes conflict with which. For details about the rules, see Table 1.

Syntax

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LOCK [ TABLE ] {[ ONLY ] name [, ...]| {name [ * ]} [, ...]}
    [ IN {ACCESS SHARE | ROW SHARE | ROW EXCLUSIVE | SHARE UPDATE EXCLUSIVE | SHARE | SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE | EXCLUSIVE | ACCESS EXCLUSIVE} MODE ]
    [ NOWAIT ];

Parameter Description

LOCK parameters are as follows:

• name

  The name (optionally schema-qualified) of an existing table to lock.

  The tables are locked one-by-one in the order specified in the LOCK TABLE command.

  Value range: an existing table name

• ONLY

  Only locks only this table. If Only is not specified, this table and all its sub-tables are locked.

• ACCESS SHARE

  ACCESS SHARE allows only read operations on a table. In general, any SQL statements that only read a table and do not modify it will acquire this lock mode. The SELECT command acquires a lock of this mode on referenced tables.

• ROW SHARE

  ROW SHARE allows concurrent read of a table but does not allow any other operations on the table.

  SELECT FOR UPDATE and SELECT FOR SHARE automatically acquire the ROW SHARE lock on the target table and add the ACCESS SHARE lock to other referenced tables except FOR SHARE and FOR UPDATE.

• ROW EXCLUSIVE

  Like ROW SHARE, ROW EXCLUSIVE allows concurrent read of a table and modification of data in the table. UPDATE, DELETE, and INSERT automatically acquire the ROW SHARE lock on the target table and add the ACCESS SHARE lock to other referenced tables. Generally, all commands that modify table data acquire the ROW EXCLUSIVE lock for tables.

• SHARE UPDATE EXCLUSIVE

  This mode protects a table against concurrent schema changes and VACUUM runs.

  Acquired by VACUUM (without FULL), ANALYZE, CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY, and some forms of ALTER TABLE.

• SHARE

  SHARE allows concurrent queries of a table but does not allow modification of the table.

  Acquired by CREATE INDEX (without CONCURRENTLY).

• SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE

  SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE protects a table against concurrent data changes, and is self-exclusive so that only one session can hold it at a time.

  No SQL statements automatically acquire this lock mode.

• EXCLUSIVE

  EXCLUSIVE allows concurrent queries of the target table but does not allow any other operations.

  This mode allows only concurrent ACCESS SHARE locks; that is, only reads from the table can proceed in parallel with a transaction holding this lock mode.

  No SQL statements automatically acquire this lock mode on user tables. However, it will be acquired on some system tables in case of some operations.

• ACCESS EXCLUSIVE

  This mode guarantees that the holder is the only transaction accessing the table in any way.

  Acquired by the ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE, TRUNCATE, REINDEX, CLUSTER, and VACUUM FULL commands.

  This is also the default lock mode for LOCK TABLE statements that do not specify a mode explicitly.

• NOWAIT

  Specifies that LOCK TABLE should not wait for any conflicting locks to be released: if the specified lock(s) cannot be acquired immediately without waiting, the transaction is aborted.

  If NOWAIT is not specified, LOCK TABLE obtains a table-level lock, waiting if necessary for any conflicting locks to be released.

Examples

Obtain a SHARE lock on a primary key table when going to perform inserts into a foreign key table:

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DROP TABLE IF EXISTS customer_address;
CREATE TABLE customer_address
(
    ca_address_sk       INTEGER                  NOT NULL   ,
    ca_address_id       CHARACTER(16)            NOT NULL   ,
    ca_street_number    CHARACTER(10)                       ,
    ca_street_name      CHARACTER varying(60)               ,
    ca_street_type      CHARACTER(15)                       ,
    ca_suite_number     CHARACTER(10)                    
)
DISTRIBUTE BY HASH (ca_address_sk)
PARTITION BY RANGE(ca_address_sk)
(
        PARTITION P1 VALUES LESS THAN(2450815),
        PARTITION P2 VALUES LESS THAN(2451179),
        PARTITION P3 VALUES LESS THAN(2451544),
        PARTITION P4 VALUES LESS THAN(MAXVALUE)
);
START TRANSACTION;

LOCK TABLE customer_address IN SHARE MODE;

SELECT ca_address_sk FROM customer_address WHERE ca_address_sk=5;

COMMIT;

Obtain a SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE lock on a primary key table when going to perform a delete operation:

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DROP TABLE IF EXISTS customer;
CREATE TABLE customer AS TABLE customer_address;

START TRANSACTION;

LOCK TABLE customer IN SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE MODE;

DELETE FROM customer WHERE ca_address_sk IN(SELECT ca_address_sk FROM customer WHERE ca_address_sk < 6 );

DELETE FROM customer WHERE ca_address_sk = 7;

COMMIT;