Scenario

StatefulSets are a type of workloads whose data or status is stored while they are running. For example, MySQL is a StatefulSet because it needs to store new data.

A container can be migrated between different hosts, but data is not stored on the hosts. To store StatefulSet data persistently, attach HA storage volumes provided by CCE to the container.

Prerequisites

Before creating a workload, you must have an available cluster. For details on how to create a cluster, see Creating a CCE Cluster.
To enable public access to a workload, ensure that an EIP or load balancer has been bound to at least one node in the cluster.

If a pod has multiple containers, ensure that the ports used by the containers do not conflict with each other. Otherwise, creating the StatefulSet will fail.

Using the CCE Console

CCE provides multiple methods for creating a workload. You can use any of the following methods:

Use an image in Third-Party Images. You do not need to upload any image before using it.
Use an image that you have uploaded to SWR.
Use a shared image to create a workload. Specifically, other tenants share an image with you by using the SWR service.
Use a YAML file to create a workload. You can click Create YAML on the right of the Create StatefulSet page. For details about YAML, see Using kubectl. After the YAML file is written, click Create to create a workload.
Settings in the YAML file are synchronized with those on the console. You can edit the YAML file on the console to create a workload. For example:
- If you enter a workload name on the console, the name will automatically appear in the YAML file.
- If you add an image on the console, the image will be automatically added to the YAML file.
When you click Create YAML on the right of the console, do not create multiple YAML files in the YAML definition pane displayed. You need to create them one by one. Otherwise, an error will be reported during the creation.

Log in to the CCE console. In the navigation pane, choose Workloads > StatefulSets. On the displayed page, click Create StatefulSet. Set basic workload parameters as described in Table 1. The parameters marked with an asterisk (*) are mandatory.

**Table 1** Basic workload parameters
Parameter	Description
* Workload Name	Name of a workload, which must be unique. Enter 4 to 52 characters starting with a lowercase letter and ending with a letter or digit. Only lowercase letters, digits, and hyphens (-) are allowed.
* Cluster Name	Cluster to which the workload belongs.
* Namespace	In a single cluster, data in different namespaces is isolated from each other. This enables applications to share the services of the same cluster without interfering each other. If no namespace is set, the default namespace is used.
* Instances	Number of pods in a workload. A workload can have one or more pods. The default value is 2. You can customize the value, for example, setting it to 1. Each workload pod consists of the same containers. You can configure multiple pods for a workload to ensure high reliability. For such a workload, if one pod is faulty, the workload can still run properly. If only one pod is used, a node or pod exception may cause service exceptions.
Time Zone Synchronization	If this parameter is enabled, the container and the node use the same time zone. NOTICE: After time zone synchronization is enabled, disks of the hostPath type will be automatically added and listed in the Data Storage > Local Volume area. Do not modify or delete the disks.
Description	Description of the workload.

Click Next: Add Container.

Click Add Container and select the image to be deployed.
- My Images: Create a workload using an image in the image repository you created.
- Third-Party Images: Create a workload using an image from any third-party image repository. When you create a workload using a third-party image, ensure that the node where the workload is running can access public networks. For details on how to create a workload using a third-party image, see Using a Third-Party Image.
  - If your image repository does not require authentication, set Secret Authentication to No, enter an image pull address, and then click OK.
  - If your image repository must be authenticated (account and password), you need to create a secret and then use a third-party image. For details, see Using a Third-Party Image.
- Shared Images: Create a workload using an image shared by another tenant through the SWR service.

Configure basic image information.

A workload is an abstract model of a group of pods. One pod can encapsulate one or more containers. You can click Add Container in the upper right corner to add multiple container images and set them separately.

**Table 2** Image parameters
Parameter	Description
Image Name	Name of the image. You can click Change Image to update it.
*Image Version	Select the image tag to be deployed.
*Container Name	Name of the container. You can modify it.
Privileged Container	Programs in a privileged container have certain privileges. If Privileged Container is On, the container is granted superuser permissions. For example, privileged containers can manipulate network devices on the host machine and modify kernel parameters.
Container Resources	CPU Request: minimum number of CPU cores required by a container. The default value is 0.25 cores. Limit: maximum number of CPU cores available for a container. Do not leave Limit unspecified. Otherwise, intensive use of container resources will occur and your workload may exhibit unexpected behavior. Memory Request: minimum amount of memory required by a container. The default value is 512 MiB. Limit: maximum amount of memory available for a container. When memory usage exceeds the specified memory limit, the container will be terminated. For more information about Request and Limit, see Setting Container Specifications. GPU: configurable only when the cluster contains GPU nodes. It indicates the percentage of GPU resources reserved for a container. Select Use and set the percentage. For example, if this parameter is set to 10%, the container is allowed to use 10% of GPU resources. If you do not select Use or set this parameter to 0, no GPU resources can be used. GPU/Graphics Card: The workload's pods will be scheduled to the node with the specified GPU. If Any GPU type is selected, the container uses a random GPU in the node. If you select a specific GPU, the container uses this GPU accordingly.

Lifecycle: Commands for starting and running containers can be set.
- Start Command: executed when the workload is started. For details, see Setting Container Startup Commands.
- Post-Start: executed after the workload runs successfully. For more information, see Setting Container Lifecycle Parameters.
- Pre-Stop: executed to delete logs or temporary files before the workload ends. For more information, see Setting Container Lifecycle Parameters.
Health Check: CCE provides two types of probes: liveness probe and readiness probe. They are used to determine whether containers and user services are running properly. For more information, see Setting Health Check for a Container.
- Liveness Probe: used to restart the unhealthy container.
- Readiness Probe: used to change the container to the unready state when detecting that the container is unhealthy. In this way, service traffic will not be directed to the container.
Environment Variables: Environment variables can be added to a container. In general, environment variables are used to set parameters.
On the Environment Variables tab page, click Add Environment Variable. Currently, three types of environment variables are supported:
- Added manually: Set Variable Name and Variable Value/Reference.
- Added from Secret: Set Variable Name and select the desired secret name and data. A secret must be created in advance. For details, see Creating a Secret.
- Added from ConfigMap: Set Variable Name and select the desired ConfigMap name and data. A ConfigMap must be created in advance. For details, see Creating a ConfigMap.
  
  To edit an environment variable that has been set, click Edit. To delete an environment variable that has been set, click Delete.
Data Storage: Data storage can be mounted to containers for persistent storage and high disk I/O. Local volume and cloud storage are supported. For details, see Storage (CSI).

You can add data storage volumes only when creating a StatefulSet.
Security Context: Container permissions can be configured to protect CCE and other containers from being affected.
Enter the user ID to set container permissions and prevent systems and other containers from being affected.
Log Policies: Log collection policies and log directory can be configured to collect container logs for unified management and analysis. For details, see Container Logs.

Click Next: Set Application Access and set Headless Service and workload access type.

Table 3 describes the parameters in the Headless Service area.

**Table 3** Parameter description
Parameter	Description
Service Name	Name of the Service corresponding to the workload for mutual access between pods. This Service is used for internal discovery of pods, and does not require an independent IP address or load balancing.
Port Name	Name of the container port. You are advised to enter a name that indicates the function of the port.
Container Port	Listening port inside the container.

Click Add Service and set the workload access type.

If your workload will be reachable to other workloads or public networks, add a Service to define the workload access type.

The workload access type determines the network attributes of the workload. Workloads with different access types can provide different network capabilities. For details, see Overview.

Click Next: Configure Advanced Settings.
- Upgrade Policy: Only Rolling upgrade is supported.
  During a rolling upgrade, old pods are gradually replaced with new ones, and service traffic is evenly distributed to both pods to ensure service continuity.
- Pod Management Policy: There are two types of policies: ordered and parallel.
  Ordered: The StatefulSet will deploy, delete, or scale pods in order and one by one (the StatefulSet waits until each pod is ready before continuing). This is the default policy.
  
  Parallel: The StatefulSet will create pods in parallel to match the desired scale without waiting, and will delete all pods at once.
- Graceful Deletion: A time window can be set for workload deletion and reserved for executing commands in the pre-stop phase in the lifecycle. If workload processes are not terminated after the time window elapses, the workload will be forcibly deleted.
  - Graceful Time Window (s): Set a time window (0–9999s) for pre-stop commands to finish execution before a workload is deleted. The default value is 30s.
  - Scale Order: Choose Prioritize new pods or Prioritize old pods based on service requirements. Prioritize new pods indicates that new pods will be first deleted when a scale-in is triggered.
- Scheduling Policies: You can combine static global scheduling policies or dynamic runtime scheduling policies as required. For details, see Scheduling Policy Overview.
- Advanced Pod Settings
  - Pod Label: The built-in app label is specified when the workload is created. It is used to set affinity and anti-affinity scheduling and cannot be modified. You can click Add Label to add labels.
  Figure 1 Advanced pod settings
- Client DNS Configuration: A CCE cluster has a built-in DNS add-on (CoreDNS) to provide domain name resolution for workloads in the cluster.
  - DNS Policy
    - ClusterFirst: The default DNS configuration overrides the Nameserver and DNS Search Domain configurations of the client.
    - None: Only the Nameserver and DNS Search Domain configurations are used for domain name resolution.
    - Default: The pod inherits the DNS configuration from the node on which the pod runs.
  - Nameserver: You can configure a domain name server for a user-defined domain name. The value is one or a group of DNS IP addresses, for example, 1.2.3.4.
  - DNS Search Domain: a search list for host-name lookup. When a domain name cannot be resolved, DNS queries will be attempted combining the domain name with each domain in the search list in turn until a match is found or all domains in the search list are tried.
  - Timeout (s): amount of time the resolver will wait for a response from a remote name server before retrying the query on a different name server. Set it based on the site requirements.
  - ndots: threshold for the number of dots that must appear in a domain name before an initial absolute query will be made. If a domain name has ndots or more than ndots dots, the name is a fully qualified domain name (FQDN) and will be tried first as an absolute name. If a domain name has less than ndots dots, the operating system will look up the name in a list of search domain names.
Click Create and then Back to StatefulSet List. If the workload is in the Running state, it has been successfully created. If the workload status is not updated, click in the upper right corner or press F5 to refresh the page.
- When a node is unavailable, pods become Unready. In this case, you need to manually delete the pods of the StatefulSet so that the pods can be migrated to a normal node.
- If the workload list contains more than 500 records, the Kubernetes pagination mechanism will be used. Specifically, you can only go to the first page or the next page, but cannot go to the previous page. In addition, if resources are divided into discrete pages, the total number of resources displayed is the maximum number of resources that can be queried at a time, not the actual total number of resources.

Using kubectl

The following procedure uses an etcd workload as an example to describe how to create a workload using kubectl.

Use kubectl to connect to the cluster. For details, see Connecting to a Cluster Using kubectl.

Create and edit the etcd-statefulset.yaml file.

etcd-statefulset.yaml is an example file name, and you can change it as required.

vi etcd-statefulset.yaml

The following provides an example of the file contents. For more information on StatefulSet, see the Kubernetes documentation.

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
  name: etcd
spec:
  replicas: 2
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: etcd
  serviceName: etcd-svc
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: etcd
    spec:
      containers:
      - env:
        - name: PAAS_APP_NAME
          value: tesyhhj
        - name: PAAS_NAMESPACE
          value: default
        - name: PAAS_PROJECT_ID
          value: 9632fae707ce4416a0ab1e3e121fe555
        image: etcd # If you use an image in My Images, obtain the image path from SWR.
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        name: container-0
  updateStrategy:
    type: RollingUpdate

vi etcd-headless.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  labels:
    app: etcd
  name: etcd-svc
spec:
  clusterIP: None
  ports:
  - name: etcd-svc
    port: 3120
    protocol: TCP
    targetPort: 3120
  selector:
    app: etcd
  sessionAffinity: None
  type: ClusterIP